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The Order of Saint Benedict, also referred to as the Benedictines, or the Black Monks, a reference to the color of their habits, is a Catholic religious Order of independent monastic communities that observe the Rule of Saint Benedict. Each Benedictine community (monastery, priory or abbey) is autonomous, while the Order represents their mutual interests. Benedictine Order refers to all Benedictine communities collectively. Internationally, the Order is governed by the Benedictine Confederation, established by Pope Leo XIII in 1883, whose head is the Abbot Primate. The Order began in 529, when Saint Benedict of Nursia established a monastery at Subiaco, Italy, later founding the Abbey of Monte Cassino and eleven others. By the 9th century, several Catholic communities had replaced their prior Orders with the Benedictine Order. The Benedictine had become the standard form of monastic life for much of Western Europe, with the exception of Scotland, Wales and Ireland, where the stricter Irish Celtic Rule still prevailed for another couple of centuries. The Benedictine Order differs from other Western Orders in that each individual Benedictine community is autonomous but, in modern times, the various communities have formed themselves into loose congregations which are represented in the Benedictine Confederation, which facilitates dialogue between the Benedictine communities and with other religious Orders and the Catholic Church. Benedictine abbots and abbesses have full jurisdiction over their abbey, and absolute authority over resident monks and nuns. The Rule of Saint Benedict is also used by other religious Orders that began as reforms of the Benedictine tradition, such as the Cistercians and the Trappists, although they are not part of the Benedictine Confederation. Groups within the Anglican and Lutheran churches also claim adherence to the Rule of Saint Benedict.

 

 

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