After two years of development by Microsoft, TypeScript was launched in October of 2012. It is a free, open-source superset of JavaScript created for the development of large programs.
The new language was created to overcome the limitations of JavaScript for the development of large-scale applications without breaking compatibility with standard JavaScript.
As a superset of JavaScript, TypeScript compiles directly to JavaScript code, and adds several new features on top of JavaScript, resulting in a strongly-typed, object-oriented language, similar to C# and Java.
Because of this, TypeScript is easier to use in large projects, with code that is easier to understand and maintain. Due to strong-typing, the language is precompiled, and variables cannot be assigned values that are out of their declared range. For example, when a TypeScript variable is declared as a number, a text value cannot be assigned to it.
Strong typing and object orientation also means that the language is easier to debug and maintain, solving two of the weakest points of standard JavaScript.
Originally released without support for integrated development environments (IDEs), except for Microsoft Visual Studio, which was not available for Linux and OSX. However, by 2013, TypeScript 0.8 included support for generics, and an update to Visual Studio 2013 provided default support for TypeScript.
As a superset of JavaScript (also known as ECMAScript 5), a JavaScript program is also a valid TypeScript program, allowing TypeScript to use existing JavaScript code, incorporate JavaScript libraries, and call TypeScript-generated code from other JavaScript.
The TypeScript compiler (tsc) is written in TypeScript, so it can be compiled into regular JavaScript, and executed in any JavaScript engine, such as a web browser. The compiler package is bundled with a script host that can execute the compiler. Currently, the compiler supports ECMAScript 5 by default, but an option allows it to target ECMA 2015 so that language features exclusive to that version can be used. Classes are available in both modes.
The focal point of this portion of our guide is the programming language known as TypeScript, including any software tools designed to facilitate it, as well as any implementations of the language, guides, tutorials, user groups, and forums.
Recommended Resources
Featuring simple tools and platforms for learners, educators, and developers, Replit includes tools and online platforms for several programming languages. Its TypeScript online editor, IDE, compiler, interpreter, and REPL allow users to code, collaborate, compile, run, share, and deploy TS from their browser. Personal, organizational, and educational plans are available, including a limited free personal account, paid personal or organizational accounts, and a free educational account.
https://replit.com/languages/typescript
Hosted on GitHub, the site allows anyone to play with various TypeScript features and get an overview of the programming language's capabilities and principles, including basic typing, refining types, union types, merged types, generics, type declarations, module augmentation, and advanced type mapping. The rules and principles, a brief UI guide, an introduction, and instructions for using the online exercises are stated, with links to additional online resources.
https://typescript-exercises.github.io/
Written by Stefan Baumgartner, and published in October, 2020, the book is available as a 464-page hardcover publication or as an e-book (PDF, ePUB, Kindle). It promises to teach the TypeScript programming language in fifty short lessons, targeted for people who write JavaScript. A free PDF sample is available for downloading, and an overview of the book is available on the site, including several code examples, a synopsis of each of its seven chapters, and a subscription feature for updates.
https://typescript-book.com/
TypeScript is a strongly typed programming language that builds on JavaScript. It may be downloaded through the official language site, and installed through three installation routes, as an npm module, a NuGet package, or a Visual Studio extension. Other resources include documentation and a handbook, with full documentation and reference files. Links to its GitHub repository, Stack Overflow pages, a development blog, and a community chat. An online Playground and other tools are available.
https://www.typescriptlang.org/
TypeScript is typed JavaScript, adding types to JavaScript in order to help speed up development by catching errors before you even run the JavaScript code. The open-source programming language builds on top of JavaScript, and works on any browser, any operating system, and any environment where JavaScript runs. The tutorial requires basic knowledge of JavaScript and knowledge of ECMAScript 2015 or ES6. An introduction to the language is given, along with step-by-step tutorials.
https://www.typescripttutorial.net/
W3 Schools: TypeScript Tutorial
Created for web developers, and covering all aspects of web development, W3 Schools offers interactive learning experiences. Its TypeScript tutorial features an introduction, simple types, special types, arrays, tuples, object types, enums, aliases and interfaces, union types, functions, casting, classes, basic generics, utility types, keyof, null, and definitely types, along with exercises, a quiz, and a printable certificate after completion, although certification requires payment.
https://www.w3schools.com/typescript/
