Computer programming is a reference to the process of creating an executable computer application to accomplish a specific computing task.
Computer programming is accomplished through the use of programming languages, resulting in a set of instructions designed to render the desired output, whatever it may be.
A person who has a working knowledge of a programming language is known as a programmer. Using the programming language, the set of instructions that a programmer would develop for the computer is known as a program. Each program is designed according to a set of requirements that might be better met with one language rather than another.
A wide range of programming languages are available. Some programmers are fluent in just one of these languages, while others are more versatile.
Each programming language has its own characteristics, which are of significance to programmers. Most programmers prefer a language that will allow them to write simple, clear, and concise programs. Some languages are simple enough that people can learn them by themselves. The graphical user interface of the language should be user-friendly and intuitive. In most cases, it is best to use a platform-independent language, one that can develop programs that can be used on a variety of computer systems, such as Windows, macOS, and Linux. Additionally, a programming language will build programs that make efficient use of memory and other resources. The tools needed for development, testing, and debugging should be incorporated into a single environment known as an integrated development environment (IDE), which keeps everything neat and in its place.
Of course, most people aren't going to take the time to learn a programming language that isn't regularly updated. Given that the computer environment changes rapidly, programming languages should be regularly updated.
Many programming languages are built for a specific purpose, while others can be used to build programs for a wide range of purposes.
Computers only recognize instructions that are given in binary language, which is not something that the typical computer user would be able to accomplish. Instead, programmers use languages that they have learned to understand to write programs which are converted to a language that can be understood by the computer. This is normally accomplished through a compiler, which is a computer program that translates computer code is written in one programming language (source), which the programmer understands, into another programming language (target), which is understood by the computer.
The first type of programming languages were actually written in binary form, which could be read directly by computers. The problem with this was the length of time that it took someone to learn to do this, and then to do it.
The second-generation of programming was known as assembly language programming, which was somewhat easier to learn, but it still required the programmer to understand the underlying architecture of the machine it was going to be run on.
The first popular high-level programming language was FORTRAN. Developed by IBM, FORTRAN created programs that could be run on the world's fastest supercomputers at the time.
From the 1960s to the 1970s, several low-level programming languages were developed, including APL, ALGOL, Lisp, Simula, and C. Next came a string of object-oriented programming languages, such as C++. Perl was one of the first languages used for building dynamic websites.
The fourth-generation of programming languages supported database management, report generation, mathematical optimization, GUI development, and web development. These included Visual Foxpro, PowerBuilder, and Uniface.
Fifth-level programming languages also included Perl, as well as Python, Ruby, SQL, and MatLab. These languages included visual tools to help develop a program.
The longevity of any one language depended on how well it fulfilled a purpose. Some older languages are still in development, and in use, such as C and C++
Today, there are Serverless programming languages, which don't require any infrastructure to run the program. All of the code is designed to run on a serverless cloud platform.
Several programming languages are in existence. Some of the more popular ones include C, C#, Java, JavaScript, Python, Angular JS, PHP, and Ruby. Each programming language has its own structure and constructs. Program developers ensure that they learn the appropriate language constructs to develop whatever program they need and that they choose the language that can create the necessary program.
Topics related to programming and programming languages are the focus of this category. These may include programming languages, compilers, development tools, tutorials, and forums.
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Based on a 1994-1998 project by Tim Robinson, who had maintained a collection of the lyrics to the song programmed in 227 different programming language, it now includes one program in 1,500 variations. The history of the project is told here, the lyrics are presented in text form, and the programs written to display the song, including source, are published alphabetically, from A+ to ZZT. The languages may also be searched, and programs written in additional languages may be submitted.
http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/
Built on ARS, A++ is a minimalistic programming language similar to C++, with an interpreter available in Scheme, Java, C, C++, and Python. The language is sometimes used to train beginning programmers due to its minimalistic nature and enforcement of rigorous confrontation with the essentials of programming languages. It was introduced in the book entitled “A++ - The Smallest Programming Language in the World,” published in 2004. Other books about the language are featured here.
https://www.aplusplus.net/
Written in pure C code, Agnix is an open-source project, the goal of which is to provide an educational, network operating system kernel that will be fully compatible with the Linux kernel in the system call layer, an important criteria because Agnix has to enable running programs compiled for Linux, which is the base of the Agnix kernel project. Its features, goals, development timeline, documentation, screenshots, and licensure are noted, and it may be downloaded, with the source.
http://agnix.sourceforge.net/
The site covers several aspects of Visual Basic and VB.NET programming, offering examples, downloads, and discussions on common programming topics, as well as advanced tips and techniques, API programming, and other programming languages. Visual Basic source codes are posted for various projects and freeware, VB scripts and ASP, VB games, and other applications. Other resources include informational articles, tutorials, and a discussion forum.
http://www.andreavb.com/
Bitsbox is a subscription-based coding system for children designed to teach children how to code applications to be used on a virtual tablet. Each month, a box is sent to subscribers that contains a mix of coding projects, ranging from simple to more advanced, as well as a guide for adults who may be assisting their children. Children type the app into the Bitsbox website, changing it to make it their own. Completed apps can be run on any computer, tablet, or smartphone.
https://bitsbox.com/
The Boo programming language makes use of the Common Language Infrastructure’s support for Unicode, internationalization, and web applications, as well as language and compiler extensibility. It was one of the three scripting languages for the Unity Game Engine but was dropped in 2014, and removed from the engine in 2017. Available as free software under a BSD 3-Clause license, Boo is compatible with the Microsoft .NET and Mono frameworks.
http://boo-lang.org/
Online since 1999, BrainJar features technical articles, tutorials, and examples used in programming for the web. Intended not as a cut-and-paste site, but as a learning resource, the site offers several code samples and scripting samples, for CSS, JavaScript, DHTML, ASP. .NET, and Java, most of which are designed for modern, standards-compliant browsers. Some articles are written in Spanish, French, Italian, and Hebrew, and translations are sometimes provided.
http://www.brainjar.com/
Developed and hosted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), CLU was created by Barbara Liskov and her students at MIT between 1974 and 1975. Although it is not widely in use, it is considered to have been a step in the development of object-oriented programming. A history of its development, and an overview of its features, as well as Portable CLU (PCLU), are available for download, including its implementations, documentation, and related papers.
http://www.pmg.lcs.mit.edu/CLU.html
With an overall focus on coding, the site features blog-type articles on various topics, including programming, programming languages, and hardware, with specific sections for JavaScript, jQuery, web development, and programming tools, as well as Internet and mobile applications. An online discussion forum offers topic areas for C and C++, C#, Java, PHP, Python, Visual Basic, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript as well as other languages, databases, and general computing.
https://codecall.net/
Code Project is an online community for computer programmers that includes articles on various topics and programming languages, such as web development, software development, C++, Java, Visual Studio, and others. Registered users can gain reputation by contributing articles and code to the site, which may unlock different privileges, such as the ability to store personal files, include live hyperlinks, and so on. Forums, questions and answers, and competitions are included.
https://www.codeproject.com/
Based in India, CodeChef is a competitive programming site that provides a platform for students and young software professionals to practice and demonstrate their programming skills through online contests and is also active in reaching out to young students in Indian schools. Practice areas of the site include an online IDE and compiler, with practice areas for people of varying skill levels. Upcoming contests are featured, with details and online registration. An online forum is included.
https://www.codechef.com/
Featuring a collection of articles and a database of connectivity content, Online since 1998, Connection Strings is a resource to developers, helping them to connect software to data, offering a reference to connection strings. Other resources include questions and answers, trade magazine subscriptions, and several technical documents that are available for download. Questions may be submitted by anyone who has registered a free user account with the site.
https://www.connectionstrings.com/
Released under the Simplified BSD License, Dao is a lightweight, optionally-typed programming language that supports concurrent programming and provides programming interfaces for easy embedding and extending, and object-oriented programming. Designed and implemented as a register-based virtual machine, it uses an LLVM-based, JIT compiler as an optional module. Code examples, a browser-based demonstration playground, and user documentation are included.
http://www.daoscript.org/
Based in upstate New York, and in business since 1994, Dart Communications designs and develops Internet communications components, including PowerTCP and PowerSNMP for ActiveX and .NET, as well as PowerWEB for ASP.NET. Free trials of its products may be downloaded from the site, and licensing options are stated. Product customization, and custom application development services are provided, and discussed here, along with its support services.
https://www.dart.com/
The online community forum for programmers and developers offers free access to thousands of code snippets, tutorials, blogs, and forums on several topics related to programming. Membership is free, and there are several levels of membership-based various contributions made to the community, such as submitting tutorials and code snippets, helping to moderate the forum, length of membership, and so on. Members network, ask and answer questions, and share their knowledge.
https://www.dreamincode.net/
Featuring free, original DHTML and JavaScripts for websites, the scripts are sorted into several categories, including calendars, date and time, document effects, dynamic content, form effects, games, image effects, links and tooltips, menus and navigation, mouse and cursor, scrollers, text animations, user/system preference, window and frames, XML and RSS, and others. Other resources include CSS codes, an image optimizer, favicon generator, animated gifs, and a button maker.
http://www.dynamicdrive.com/
Developed and hosted by the Georgia Institute of Technology, EarSketch is a free programming environment designed to teach coding in Python and JavaScript through music composition. Web-based, users can access the environment within their browsers. No prior experience or expertise is required and, because it is web-based, there is nothing to download or install. Instructional videos are put forth, and competitions are held, and its responsive tabletop application, TuneTable, is introduced.
https://earsketch.gatech.edu/
The official webpage of E, an object-oriented programming language designed for secure distributed computing, features a Wiki that includes most of the information about the language, including documentation, download links, applications, development, and community resources. Links to other sites featuring applications developed through E, as well as suggestions for books and other resources, additional tutorial material, release notices, and development notes.
http://www.erights.org/
With origins in the late 1990s, development of the scripting language began in 2000. It consists of a scripting language and engine, designed to be easily extended, and used within other applications. Although its syntax is similar to some other languages, it is a clean language. Hosted on SourceForge, its program files may be downloaded, along with its source, an introduction, a full manual in HTML or PDF formats, developer guide, API, and script examples.
http://ferite.sourceforge.net/
Also known as FASM, a flat assembler is an assembler for x86 processors. Released as free and open-source software, it claims high speed, size optimizations, operating system portability, and macro abilities. The site is focused on assembly language programming and includes resources for beginners and advanced assembly programmers. Online since 1999, the site is still maintained and updated regularly, with downloads, documentation, examples, and a message board.
http://flatassembler.net/
Released in 2010, Frink is a calculating tool and programming language intended to be of use in the real world, tracking units of measurement throughout all calculations, ensuring that answers are correct. It converts between systems of measurement and has a large library of physical data. Named for Professor Frink from The Simpson, Frink was influenced by Java and is implemented in a Java virtual machine. Its features, documentation, presentations, and mailing lists are noted.
https://frinklang.org/
Available as open-source, the commercial-grade C++ 3D engine supports hardware-accelerated, real-time rendering, off-line rendering like ray tracing, and general-purpose computation on GPUs. A description of the engine is put forth, along with its features. The full engine, with source code, may be downloaded, and sample programs, build and installation documentation, developer tools, and an overview of the Library and API overview are included.
https://casual-effects.com/g3d/www/
Geospatial Data Abstraction Library
Created in 2000, and an OSGeo Project, GDAL is a translator library for raster geospatial data format released under an X/MIT-style open-source license by the Open Source Geospatial Foundation. As a library, it presents a single abstract data model to the calling application for all supported formats. User- and developer-oriented documentation, as well as information about GDAL in other languages, are available. Current and past releases, the development source, and binaries may be downloaded.
https://gdal.org/
Not to be confused with Google’s Go (Golang) language, the agent-based programming language was introduced in 2003 and released under a General Public License v2 in 2007. Described as a multi-paradigm language, in the tradition of Prolog, its compiler and run-time files for the language may be downloaded or cloned from the GitHub site, which hosts them. Visitors to the site may post issues, and registered users may watch or star the repository.
https://github.com/fgmccabe/go/
Introduced in 1994, RAPID is a high-level programming language that is used to control ABB industrial robots. Prior to the development of RAPID, the ARLA programming language was used for that purpose. The repository on GitHub hosts a prototype compiler for RAPID, outputting a collection of finite automata in ANML format, available through the BSD 3-Clause License. Packages included in the repository may be cloned or downloaded from the site.
https://github.com/kevinaangstadt/rapid
Designed to build type-safe, scalable systems, Gleam builds on top of the Erlang virtual machine, taking advantage of the Erlang runtime while adding no overhead of its own. In addition, Gleam code can be used by programmers of other BEAM languages, either by making use of libraries written in Gleam, or by adding Gleam modules to their existing projects. An overview of the program, documentation, the Gleam community, and links to the source code on GitHub is provided.
https://gleam.run/
Initially released in 1992, GNATS is the GNU Project’s issue-tracking software, including a set of tools for tracking bugs reported by users to a central site, allowing for problem report management with users through a number of means. Distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, it may be freely downloaded, along with Gnatsweb, a web-based interface, and documentation. Development reports, bug-reporting, and other GNATS resources are discussed.
https://www.gnu.org/software/gnats/
GNUSim8085 is a graphical simulator, assembler, and debugger for the Intel 8085 microprocessor in Linus and Windows. Originally written by Sridhar Ratnakumar in 2003, users are encouraged to contribute to the simulator through coding, documenting, testing, translating, and porting the simulator. Its features are set forth, along with screenshots, acknowledgments of authors and contributors, and downloads, although it is included in most Linux distributions.
https://gnusim8085.github.io/
Originally known as Google Code, Google Developers is the company’s site for software development tools, application programming interfaces, and technical resources, including documentation on using its tools and APIs, discussion groups, blogs, and announcements and schedules of upcoming developer events. Several products for developers may be accessed through the site, including those for Android, Chrome, Firebase, and the Google Cloud Platform.
https://developers.google.com/
Hot Scripts is a directory of more than 40,000 web development and programming resources, including dynamic development tools, programming scripts for several programming languages, including Ajax, ASP, ASP.NET, C, C++, CFML, CGI, Perl, Flash, HTML 5, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Python, Ruby on Rails, and XML, which may be found by program or scripting language, by top-rated scripts, new scripts, or most popular scripts. New listings may be submitted.
https://www.hotscripts.com/
Intended for small business owners, beginner web designers, and hobbyist website owners, the site helps to teach good web design practices and coding by implementing the W3C recommendations. The site includes basic HTML code articles and tips, web design tutorials and video, web design resources and tools, and tips on search engine optimization. Links to affiliated web design ebooks, computer basics, a website checklist, and web page mistakes are included.
http://www.htmlbasictutor.ca/
Online since 2000, the site serves as a guide to HTML and related technologies, including a basic tutorial for those who a new to HTML codings, such as its origins, history, a glossary of terms, browser and software reviews, and Internet file formats. Lessons include the use of text, as well as the addition of images, tables, frames, forms, and stylesheets. Advanced lessons include accessibility, promotion, optimization, site management, JavaScript, and CGI scripting.
https://www.yourhtmlsource.com/
ICI is a high-level programming language, in the public domain, which suggests the expression syntax, control structures and overall feel of C, but with a dynamic, garbage collected, object-base, data model. There is no copyright on the ICI interpreter’s source code or restrictions on how it is used. It may be downloaded from SourceForge. Included here is the full documentation, modules, development notes and information relating to future development.
http://atrn.org/ici/
Inductive: Jai Programming Language
Developed by Jonathan Blow, Jai is a programming language designed to be a better language for programming games than C++. The goals for the language include high performance, the joy of programming, simplicity, low friction, and to be designed for good programmers. Links to presentations on the language are put forth, along with resources recommended in talks, Jai live-streamed video, including Jonathan Blow’s Twitch channel, Jai tools, and other Jai resources.
https://inductive.no/jai/
IonicWind specializes in software and utilities for programmers. Currently, its products include IWBasic, Creative BASIC, and Aurora. IWBasic is a 32-bit BASIC compiler that features an IDE with syntax similar to BASIC. Also known as Cbasic, Creative BASIC is an interpretive BASIC language suitable for those who are new to programming, such as students or hobbyists. Aurora is a 32-bit compiler with an IDE, advanced compiler, assembler, and linker. A user forum is included.
http://www.ionicwind.com/
Created and offered for sale by the iRobot Corporation, a Delaware technology company, Root is designed to be an easy-to-use educational robot that teaches coding to children from pre-readers through high school. At level one, Root uses graphical blocks to teach the essential logic school of coding. At level two, there is a hybrid drag-and-drop language for building computational skills and, at level three, students learn the structure and syntax of professional coding languages.
https://root.irobot.com/
Despite its name, Java T Point is more than Java. It offers online training in Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript, C, C++, C#, SQL, HTML, HTML 5, and Selenium, as well as machine learning, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, robotics, cloud computing, embedded systems, data analytics, software testing, Linux, and other technologies. Comprehensive tutorials, including video and code samples, are included for each, while links to other resources are also featured.
https://www.javatpoint.com/
Intended for courses and assignments, auto evaluation and scoring, and online tests for programmer interviews and recruitment, JDoodle features an online compiler and editor for sixty-eight different programming languages and two databases (MySQL and MondoDB), which may be embedded in a blog or website. The supported languages include C, C++, C#, CLISP, Clojure, CoffeeScript, Go, Java, Objective-C, PHP, Picolisp, Ruby, Rust, Smalltalk, and others.
https://www.jdoodle.com/
Designed for creating concise, high-performance, cross-platform applications, particularly games, Kit compiles to ANSI C99, is portable, and can be used as an alternative to C. An overview of the language is presented, comparisons are made with C/C++, and its features and strengths are featured. Available from GitHub on a GNU Lesser General Public License, a download link is provided, along with code examples, and an online playground that is functional in a web browser.
https://www.kitlang.org/
Lean is a theorem prover and programming language that was launched by Leonardo de Moura at Microsoft Research in 2013, and is currently, an open-source project hosted on GitHub, and available under the Apache 2.0 license. Binary packages are available for all major platforms, and the source code can be downloaded. Documentation, a list of publications, most of which can be downloaded in PDF format, and links to a Lean chat room, and profiles of the people involved in its development are posted.
https://leanprover.github.io/
Developed in 2002 as a successor to Microsoft’s Active Server Pages (ASP) technology, ASP.NET is built on the Common Language Runtime, allowing programmers to write code using any supported .NET language. Supported on macOS, Windows, and Linux, ASP.NE may be freely downloaded from the site and used to build web applications, REST APIs, and independently deployable microservices that run on Docker containers. Tutorials are included.
https://dotnet.microsoft.com/apps/aspnet
Min is a functional, concatenative (point-free) programming language with a minimalist syntax, a small, practical library, and an advanced REPL. Written in Nim, it can be easily embedded in other Nim programs. Including a lightweight module system, it is self-contained and statically compiled into a single file. Available for Linux, macOS, and Windows, it may be freely downloaded from the site, and in a file of about 1 MB. A brief tutorial, references, and a contribution page are included.
https://min-lang.org/
Developed by David Turner and produced by Research Software of England, Miranda is a lazy, purely functional programming language that was first released in 1985 as a fast interpreter in C for Unix-like operating systems. Versions are available for Linux, Windows, Intel/Solaris, SUN/Solaris, and Mac. Book references to the language are cited, along with background papers, and other resources related to the language. An online manual is available, and the package may be downloaded from the site.
http://www.miranda.org.uk/
Nemerle is a general-purpose, high-level programming language designed for the .NET platform. Created by a team at Wroclaw in 2003, the core language developers were hired by JetBrains in 2012, who are developing a framework to be used in future versions of the language. Its key features, supported platforms and paradigms, type system, and influences are discussed, and a download page, informational wiki, and community support forum are included.
http://www.nemerle.org/
Developed before 1985, NTP is one of the oldest Internet protocols in current use. The networking protocol is used for clock synchronization between computer systems over packet-switched, variable-latency data networks. The NTP Project conducts research and development in NPT and produces the official implementation of NTP, along with documentation, background information, briefings, and a bibliography, which are available to the public.
http://www.ntp.org/
The site features design patterns which, in the context of software design, became popular when they were collected in the Gang of Four book in 1994. Originally published with C++ and smalltalk code samples, design patterns are popular in Java and C#, and can be applied in all object-oriented (OO) languages. Featured here are design patterns, creational patterns, behavioral patterns, and structural patterns. Design pattern books are also recommended.
https://www.oodesign.com/
Originally known as the Portland Group, PGI was a company that produced a set of commercially available Fortran, C, and C++ compilers for high-performance systems. Acquired by NVIDIA Corporation in 2013, PGI still stands as a brand of software development tools produced by NVIDIA, offering new releases to PGI Fortran, C, and C++ compilers, as well as the PGI CUDA Fortran compiler. Its products, updates, downloads, and support services are highlighted.
https://www.pgroup.com/
Carrying a GNU Free Documentation License, this web-based encyclopedia of programming languages is wiki-based, and part of an ongoing project to document every programming language. Anyone with something to contribute is invited to sign up and contribute articles based on languages not currently listed, or adding to already existing articles. Registrations are manually approved, however. Languages are listed alphabetically, but may also be found through a search.
http://progopedia.com/
Online since 2010, the online discussion forum for programmers and developers uses a XenForo script. Topics include general talk, as well as progress information and documentation links, resources, development, SQL-92, APIs, and WebSpeed, as well as database administration, DataServers and ODBC, QAD’s MFG/Pro, Symix Syteline, Roundtable TSMS, and external resource feeds. Members may also post available permanent or contract positions.
https://www.progresstalk.com/
Hosted by SourceForge, the programmer’s data-file editor is similar to the mainframe editor, File-Aid or Net-Cobols Cobol-Editor, although it is written in Java and should run on most computer platforms. It may be downloaded from the site in generic form, without a database, or in pre-packages form, with a database (HSQLDB). The source is also available. A program summary is posted, and its features are highlighted. Online documentation is available.
http://record-editor.sourceforge.net/
Rosetta Code is an instructional and educational site for programmers and those who would like to be programmers, presenting solutions to the same task in as many different programming languages as possible, the purpose being to demonstrate how languages are both similar and different, and to assist someone with expertise in one approach to a problem with alternative approaches to the same problem. Readers are encouraged to solve each task using any language.
http://rosettacode.org/
Designed by Brian McKenna, Roy is an experimental programming language that targets JavaScript. It attempts to meld JavaScript semantics with some features common in static functional languages, such as Damas-Hindley-Milner type inference, whitespace significant syntax, simple tagged unions, pattern matching, structural typing, and Monad syntax. Site visitors may practice Roy coding in its playground. Links to the author's blog, and the language's GitHub section are provided.
http://roy.brianmckenna.org/
SciChart is a great way for developers to work on their WPF charts project just by using their smartphone or tablet. With SciChart Android and SciChart iOS, you’ll be able to develop great charts just as you would do from your PC or laptop, so don’t wait any longer and try SciChart as your software tool for developing fast WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation) charts via Android & iOS.
https://www.scichart.com
Produced and developed by Simkin Solutions, Simkin is a scripting language that works with Java or C++ and XML. The language was designed to be easy for non-programmers to learn and use, and easy for developers to supply a simple API for non-programmers to write to. The multi-platform language has been used within applications on Symbian, Windows CE, Windows, Mac OS, and Unit platforms. The open-source product may be freely downloaded, with documentation.
http://www.simkin.co.uk/simkin_language.html
Originally known as Visual SlickEdit, SlickEdit is a cross-platform, commercial source code editor, text editor, and integrated development environment. Available products include SlickEdit and SlickEdit Core for Eclipse, as well as a partner program for colleges and universities. System requirements, platform options, features, and product documentation are put forth, along with license options, promotional offers, and a download trial. An online store is included.
https://www.slickedit.com/
Developed for coders, Software offers Music Time, which uses data and artificial intelligence to discover and play the most productive music to listen to as you code, accomplished by measuring your productivity score, a calculation that combines your coding metrics with your listening history each week, as well as data from thousands of other developers. Also featured is Code Time, an open-source plugin for automatic programming metrics, including time tracking, supported by several editors.
https://www.software.com/
The web-based source code repository for free and open-source projects was founded in 1999, as the first centralized location for free and open-source developers to control and manage software development, and offering the service without charge. Currently, it provides a source code repository, bug tracking, mirroring of downloads for load balancing, a documentation wiki, developer and user mailing lists, user-support forums, user-written reviews and ratings, and a microblog for project updates.
https://sourceforge.net/
Steven Pemberton: The ABC Programming Language
ABC is an interactive programming language designed by Leo Geurts, Lambert Meertens, and Steven Pemberton, the author of this website, which included a profile of the language, example function words, and links to where “The ABC Programmer’s Handbook,” written by Geurts, Meertens, and Pemberton, can be purchased online. Additionally, the full text of the book is available online, including an introduction, a quick look at the language, examples, use, a description, and an appendix.
https://homepages.cwi.nl/~steven/abc/
Created as a simple, lightweight, but powerful alternative to larger, complex, expensive, closed languages like Visual Basic, Access, and SQL Server, Suneido is a complete, integrated application platform that incorporates its object-oriented programming language, client-server rational database software, and application frameworks and components, as well as the integrated development environment (IDE), and provides it free and open-source.
https://suneido.com/
Technical Resources from Oracle
Oracle is a California-based technology company that maintains its own brands of database management systems. Its resources page includes database downloads, Java downloads, and downloads of SQL Developer, Oracle Instant Client, and Oracle WebLogic Server, as well as documentation, tutorials, and technical articles, community support forums, and a training program, for which a course catalog, learning paths, and certification options are featured.
https://www.oracle.com/technical-resources/
Designed mostly for multithreaded audio-graphics, UI applications, and text processing tools, TkScript is a portable and free open-source “glue” script language for the C and C++ frameworks. TkScript is accompanied by a set of add-on plugins and libraries that provide bindings for OpenGL (ES), window/event handling via SDL, linear algebra, file system access, networking through ethernet and BlueTooth, low latency audio, MIDI, and XML-based user interfaces.
http://www.tkscript.de/
TOM is an object-oriented programming language that advocates the unplanned reuse of code, enabling this effect through defining a class by its main definition and any extension, allowing extensions to add methods, variables, and superclasses to a class, and in the source of the original code being irrelevant while it is extended. Development and release notes are posted, along with a download section, documentation, and a list of software developed for the language.
http://gerbil.org/tom/
Developed by Ekky Software in 2012, TScript is an object-oriented embeddable scripting language for C++. The lightweight, user-friendly language facilitates customizations to the business logic after the installation of an application, particularly for the Texas Business Software Suite and ObjectDatabase++. TScript, GUI Editor, and ODBPP are available for download from the site, and documentation, example code, and purchase information are included.
http://tdbe.ekkysoftware.com/TScript
VP-UML is a cross-platform tool for the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It models support, provides report generation, and has code engineering capabilities, including code generation, and can reverse engineer diagrams from code, and provide round-trip engineering for various programming languages. Its features, tutorials, support services, demonstration videos, and interactive product tours are available, along with its perpetual and subscription pricing plans.
https://www.visual-paradigm.com/
Created in 1998, W3Schools is a web developer site, offering tutorials and references on web development languages, such as HTML, CSS, JavaScript, PHP, SQL, Python, jQuery, Java, W3.CSS, and Bootstrap. Unaffiliated with the W3C organization, the site presents thousands of code examples, tutorials, references, and exercises. W3Schools also offers an online certification program, offering certificates in HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, jQuery, SQL, PHP, Bootstrap, and XML.
https://www.w3schools.com/
Designed by David J. Pearce in 2010, Whiley is a programming language with extended static checking. Influenced by C, Java, Python, and Rust, the language supports formal specification through function preconditions, postconditions, and look invariants, and is available as open-source software through the Berkely Software Distribution (BSD) License. Development notes and announcement, beginning in June 2010, are published to the site, and a download link is provided.
http://whiley.org/
Designed by Jonathan Aldrich and Alex Potanin, Wyvern is a computer programming language designed for web and mobile application development, with security being a major goal. Supported by the DARPA, the US Department of Defense, and Oracle Labs Australia, Wyvern is available under a GNU General Public License. A download link, documentation, and talk slides are available, and a list of citations, project members, supporters, and contacts are included.
https://wyvernlang.github.io/
